Philip V King of Macedon 221-179BC Biography &
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Example of Authentic Ancient
Coin of:
Greek King: Philip V - King of Macedonia: 221-179
B.C.
Bronze Uncertain Macedonian mint. Struck circa 180/79 B.C.
Reference: Mamroth, Bronzemünzen 28; Touratsoglou, Macedonia 24; SNG
München 1194
Head of hero Perseus right, wearing winged Phrygian helmet.
B A / Φ above and below harpa
within oak wreath.
Son of Demetrios II,
Philip V came to power in 221 B.C. on the death of Antigonos Doson. He
was a vigorous ruler and maintained the power of the Macedonian kingdom
in the earlier part of his reign. However, he made the mistake of
arousing the enmity of the Romans, and in 197 B.C. his power was crushed
at the battle of the Kynoskephalai by the Roman general T. Quinctius
Flamininus. After this his power and territory were severely curtailed
by Rome, and the days of the Macedonian kingdom were numbered.
Philip V (Greek:
Φίλιππος Ε΄) (238 BC - 179 BC) was King of
Macedon from 221 BC to 179 BC. Philip's
reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the
emerging power of
Rome. Philip was attractive and
charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was
inevitably compared to
Alexander the Great and was nicknamed
the darling of Hellas (Greek:
η αγάπη μου για Ελλάδα).
Early
life
The son of
Demetrius II and Chryseis, Philip was
nine years old at his father's death in 229 BC. He had an elder paternal
half sister called
Apame. His cousin,
Antigonus Doson, administered the
kingdom as regent until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen
years old.
On his ascent to the throne, Philip quickly showed that while he was
young, this did not mean that Macedon was weak. In the first year of his
rule, he pushed back the
Dardani and other tribes in the north
of the country.
The
Social War
In the Social War (220
BC-217
BC), the Hellenic League of Greek states was assembled at
Philip V’s instigation in
Corinth. He then led the Hellenic
League in battles against
Aetolia,
Sparta and
Elis. At the same time he was able to
stamp on his own authority amongst his own ministers. His leadership
during the Social War made him well-known and respected both within his
own kingdom and abroad.
First
Macedonian War
After the Peace of Naupactus in 217 BC, Philip V tried to replace
Roman influence along the eastern shore
of the
Adriatic, forming alliances or lending
patronage to certain island and coastal provinces such as
Lato on Crete. He first tried to invade
Illyria from the sea, but with limited
success. His first expedition in 216 BC had to be aborted, while he
suffered the loss of his whole fleet in a second expedition in 214 BC. A
later expedition by land met with greater success when he captured
Lissus in 212 BC.
In 215 BC he entered into a treaty with
Hannibal, the
Carthaginian general then in the middle
of an invasion of Roman Italy. Their treaty defined spheres of operation
and interest, but achieve little of substance or value for either side.
Philip became heavily involved in assisting and protecting his allies
from attacks from the
Spartans, the Romans and their allies.
Rome's alliance with the
Aetolian League in 211 BC effectively
neutralised Philip's advantage on land. The intervention of
Attalus I of Pergamum on the Roman side
further exposed Philip's position in Macedonia.
Philip was able to take advantage of the withdrawal of Attalus from
the Greek mainland in 207 BC, along with Roman inactivity and the
increasing role of
Philopoemen, the
strategos of the
Achaean League. After sacking Thermum,
the religious and political centre of
Aetolia, Philip was able to force the
Aetolians to accept his terms in 206 BC. The following year he was able
to conclude the
Peace of Phoenice with Rome and its
allies.
Expansion
in the Aegean
Following an agreement with the
Seleucid king
Antiochus III to capture Egyptian held
territory from the boy king
Ptolemy V, Philip was able to gain
control of Egyptian territory in the
Aegean Sea and in
Anatolia. This expansion of Macedonian
influence created alarm in a number of neighbouring states, including
Pergamum and
Rhodes. Their navies clashed with
Philip’s off
Chios and
Lade (near
Miletus) in 201 BC. At around the same
time, the Romans were finally the victorious over Carthage.
Second
Macedonian War
Kingdom of Macedon on the eve of the Second Macedonian War,
circa 200 BC.
In 200 BC, with Carthage no longer a threat, the Romans declared war
on Macedon arguing that they were intervening to protect the freedom of
the Greeks. After campaigns in
Macedonia in 199 BC and
Thessaly in 198 BC, Philip and his
Macedonian forces were decisively defeated at the
Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC. The
war also proved the superiority of the
Roman legion over the Greek
phalanx formation.
Alliance
with Rome
The resulting peace treaty between Philip V and the Romans confined
Philip to Macedonia and required him to pay 1000
talents
indemnity, surrender most of its fleet
and provide a number of hostages, including his younger son Demetrius.
After this, Philip cooperated with the Romans and sent help to them in
their fight against the Spartans under King
Nabis in 195 BC. Philip also supported
the Romans against Antiochus III (192 BC-189 BC).
In return for his help when Roman forces under
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus and
his brother
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus moved
through Macedon and
Thrace in 190 BC, the Romans forgave
the remaining indemnity that he had to pay and his son Demetrius was
freed. Philip then focused on consolidating power within Macedon. He
reorganised the country's internal affairs and finances, mines were
reopened and a new currency was issued.
Final
years
However, Rome continued to be suspicious of Philip's intentions.
Accusations by Macedon's neighboring states, particularly
Pergamum, led to constant interference
from Rome. Feeling the threat growing that Rome would invade Macedon and
remove him as king, he tried to extend his influence in the
Balkans by force and diplomacy.
However, his efforts were undermined by the pro-Roman policy of his
younger son Demetrius, who was encouraged by Rome to consider the
possibility of succession ahead of his older brother,
Perseus. This eventually led to a
quarrel between Perseus and Demetrius which forced Philip to reluctantly
decide to execute Demetrius for treason in 180 BC. This decision had a
severe impact on Philip's health and he died a year later at
Amphipolis.
He was succeeded by his eldest son
Perseus, who ruled as the last king of
Macedon.
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